Contents

About ILE C/C++ Language Reference (SC09-7852-01)

Who should read this book

Highlighting Conventions

How to Read the Syntax Diagrams

Prerequisite and related information

How to send your comments

What's new for IBM i 7.1

Scope and linkage

Block/local scope

Function prototype scope

File/global scope

Examples of scope in C

Class scope (C++ only)

Namespaces of identifiers

Name hiding (C++ only)

Program linkage

Internal linkage

External linkage

Language linkage

Name mangling (C++ only)

Lexical elements

Keywords for language extensions

Characters in identifiers

Reserved identifiers

The __func__ predefined identifier

Integer literals

Decimal integer literals

Hexadecimal integer literals

Octal integer literals

Boolean literals

Floating-point literals

Binary floating-point literals

Hexadecimal floating-point literals

Decimal floating-point literals

Packed Decimal Literals

Character literals

String literals

String concatenation

Punctuators and operators

Alternative tokens

Source program character set

Multibyte characters

Escape sequences

The Unicode standard

Digraph characters

Trigraph sequences

Data objects and declarations

Overview of data objects and declarations

Overview of data objects

Incomplete types

Compatible and composite types

Overview of data declarations and definitions

Tentative definitions

Storage class specifiers

The auto storage class specifier

Storage duration of automatic variables

Linkage of automatic variables

The static storage class specifier

Linkage of static variables

The extern storage class specifier

Storage duration of external variables

Linkage of external variables

The mutable storage class specifier (C++ only)

The register storage class specifier

Storage duration of register variables

Linkage of register variables

The __thread storage class specifier

Type specifiers

Floating-point types

Real floating-point types

Character types

Compatibility of arithmetic types (C only)

User-defined types

Structures and unions

Structure and union type definition

Member declarations

Flexible array members

Zero-extent array members

Bit field members

Structure and union variable declarations

Structure and union type and variable definitions in a single statement

Access to structure and union members

Anonymous unions

Enumeration type definition

Enumeration members

Enumeration variable declarations

Enumeration type and variable definitions in a single statement

Compatibility of structures, unions, and enumerations (C only)

Compatibility across separate source files

typedef definitions

Examples of typedef definitions

Type qualifiers

The __align type qualifier

Examples using the __align qualifier

The const type qualifier

The restrict type qualifier

The volatile type qualifier

Type attributes

The aligned type attribute

The packed type attribute

The transparent_union type attribute (C only)

Overview of declarators

Examples of declarators

Pointer arithmetic

Type-based aliasing

Compatibility of pointers (C only)

Variable length arrays (C++ only)

Compatibility of arrays

References (C++ only)

Initialization and storage classes

Initialization of automatic variables

Initialization of static variables

Initialization of external variables

Initialization of register variables

Initialization of structures and unions

Initialization of enumerations

Initialization of pointers

Initialization of arrays

Initialization of character arrays

Initialization of multidimensional arrays

Initialization of references (C++ only)

Variable attributes

The aligned variable attribute

The packed variable attribute

The mode variable attribute

The weak variable attribute

Type conversions

Arithmetic conversions and promotions

Integral conversions

Boolean conversions

Floating-point conversions

Integral and floating-point promotions

Lvalue-to-rvalue conversions

Pointer conversions

Conversion to void*

Reference conversions (C++ only)

Qualification conversions (C++ only)

Function argument conversions

Expressions and Operators

Lvalues and rvalues

Primary expressions

Integer constant expressions

Identifier expressions (C++ only)

Parenthesized expressions ( )

Scope resolution operator :: (C++ only)

Function call expressions

Member expressions

Arrow operator ->

Unary expressions

Increment operator ++

Decrement operator --

Unary plus operator +

Unary minus operator -

Logical negation operator !

Bitwise negation operator ~

Address operator &

Indirection operator *

The typeid operator (C++ only)

The __alignof__ operator

The sizeof operator

The __typeof__ operator

Binary expressions

Assignment operators

Simple assignment operator =

Compound assignment operators

Multiplication operator *

Division operator /

Remainder operator %

Addition operator +

Subtraction operator -

Bitwise left and right shift operators << >>

Relational operators < > <= >=

Equality and inequality operators == !=

Bitwise AND operator &

Bitwise exclusive OR operator ^

Bitwise inclusive OR operator |

Logical AND operator &&

Logical OR operator ||

Array subscripting operator [ ]

Comma operator ,

Pointer to member operators .* ->* (C++ only)

Conditional expressions

Types in conditional C expressions

Types in conditional C++ expressions

Examples of conditional expressions

Cast expressions

Cast operator ()

The static_cast operator (C++ only)

The reinterpret_cast operator (C++ only)

The const_cast operator (C++ only)

The dynamic_cast operator (C++ only)

Compound literal expressions

new expressions (C++ only)

Placement syntax

Initialization of objects created with the new operator

Handling new allocation failure

delete expressions (C++ only)

throw expressions (C++ only)

Operator precedence and associativity

Labeled statements

Expression statements

Resolution of ambiguous statements (C++ only)

Block statements

Example of blocks

Selection statements

The if statement

Examples of if statements

The switch statement

Restrictions on switch statements

Examples of switch statements

Iteration statements

The while statement

The do statement

The for statement

Examples of for statements

Jump statements

The break statement

The continue statement

Examples of continue statements

The return statement

Examples of return statements

The goto statement

Function declarations and definitions

Function declarations

Function definitions

Examples of function declarations

Examples of function definitions

Compatible functions (C only)

Multiple function declarations (C++ only)

Function storage class specifiers

The static storage class specifier

The extern storage class specifier

Function specifiers

The inline function specifier

Linkage of inline functions

Function return type specifiers

Function return values

Function declarators

Parameter declarations

Parameter types

Parameter names

Static array indices in function parameter declarations (C only)

Function attributes

The const function attribute

The noinline function attribute

The pure function attribute

The weak function attribute

The main() function

Pass by reference

Allocation and deallocation functions (C++ only)

Default arguments in C++ functions (C++ only)

Restrictions on default arguments

Evaluation of default arguments

Pointers to functions

Namespaces (C++ only)

Defining namespaces (C++ only)

Declaring namespaces (C++ only)

Creating a namespace alias (C++ only)

Creating an alias for a nested namespace (C++ only)

Extending namespaces (C++ only)

Namespaces and overloading (C++ only)

Unnamed namespaces (C++ only)

Namespace member definitions (C++ only)

Namespaces and friends (C++ only)

The using directive (C++ only)

The using declaration and namespaces (C++ only)

Explicit access (C++ only)

Overloading (C++ only)

Overloading functions (C++ only)

Restrictions on overloaded functions (C++ only)

Overloading operators (C++ only)

Overloading unary operators (C++ only)

Overloading increment and decrement operators (C++ only)

Overloading binary operators (C++ only)

Overloading assignments (C++ only)

Overloading function calls (C++ only)

Overloading subscripting (C++ only)

Overloading class member access (C++ only)

Overload resolution (C++ only)

Implicit conversion sequences (C++ only)

Standard conversion sequences

User-defined conversion sequences

Ellipsis conversion sequences

Resolving addresses of overloaded functions (C++ only)

Classes (C++ only)

Declaring class types (C++ only)

Using class objects (C++ only)

Classes and structures (C++ only)

Scope of class names (C++ only)

Incomplete class declarations (C++ only)

Nested classes (C++ only)

Local classes (C++ only)

Local type names (C++ only)

Class members and friends (C++ only)

Class member lists (C++ only)

Data members (C++ only)

Member functions (C++ only)

Inline member functions (C++ only)

Constant and volatile member functions (C++ only)

Virtual member functions (C++ only)

Special member functions (C++ only)

Member scope (C++ only)

Pointers to members (C++ only)

The this pointer (C++ only)

Static members (C++ only)

Using the class access operators with static members (C++ only)

Static data members (C++ only)

Static member functions (C++ only)

Member access (C++ only)

Friends (C++ only)

Friend scope (C++ only)

Friend access (C++ only)

Inheritance (C++ only)

Derivation (C++ only)

Inherited member access (C++ only)

Protected members (C++ only)

Access control of base class members (C++ only)

The using declaration and class members (C++ only)

Overloading member functions from base and derived classes (C++ only)

Changing the access of a class member (C++ only)

Multiple inheritance (C++ only)

Virtual base classes (C++ only)

Multiple access (C++ only)

Ambiguous base classes (C++ only)

Ambiguity and using declarations

Unambiguous class members

Pointer conversions

Overload resolution

Virtual functions (C++ only)

Ambiguous virtual function calls (C++ only)

Virtual function access (C++ only)

Abstract classes (C++ only)

Special member functions (C++ only)

Overview of constructors and destructors (C++ only)

Constructors (C++ only)

Default constructors (C++ only)

Explicit initialization with constructors (C++ only)

Initialization of base classes and members (C++ only)

Construction order of derived class objects (C++ only)

Destructors (C++ only)

Pseudo-destructors (C++ only)

User-defined conversions (C++ only)

Conversion constructors (C++ only)

The explicit specifier (C++ only)

Conversion functions (C++ only)

Copy constructors (C++ only)

Copy assignment operators (C++ only)

Templates (C++ only)

Template parameters (C++ only)

Type template parameters (C++ only)

Non-type template parameters (C++ only)

Template template parameters (C++ only)

Default arguments for template parameters (C++ only)

Template arguments (C++ only)

Template type arguments (C++ only)

Template non-type arguments (C++ only)

Template template arguments (C++ only)

Class templates (C++ only)

Class template declarations and definitions (C++ only)

Static data members and templates (C++ only)

Member functions of class templates (C++ only)

Friends and templates (C++ only)

Function templates (C++ only)

Template argument deduction (C++ only)

Deducing type template arguments

Deducing non-type template arguments

Overloading function templates (C++ only)

Partial ordering of function templates (C++ only)

Template instantiation (C++ only)

Implicit instantiation (C++ only)

Explicit instantiation (C++ only)

Template specialization (C++ only)

Explicit specialization (C++ only)

Definition and declaration of explicit specializations

Explicit specialization and scope

Class members of explicit specializations

Explicit specialization of function templates

Explicit specialization of members of class templates

Partial specialization (C++ only)

Template parameter and argument lists of partial specializations

Matching of class template partial specializations

Name binding and dependent names (C++ only)

The typename keyword (C++ only)

The template keyword as qualifier (C++ only)

Exception handling (C++ only)

try blocks (C++ only)

Nested try blocks (C++ only)

catch blocks (C++ only)

Function try block handlers (C++ only)

Arguments of catch blocks (C++ only)

Matching between exceptions thrown and caught (C++ only)

Order of catching (C++ only)

throw expressions (C++ only)

Rethrowing an exception (C++ only)

Stack unwinding (C++ only)

Exception specifications (C++ only)

Special exception handling functions (C++ only)

The unexpected() function (C++ only)

The terminate() function (C++ only)

The set_unexpected() and set_terminate() functions (C++ only)

Example using the exception handling functions (C++ only)

Preprocessor directives

Macro definition directives

The #define directive

Object-like macros

Function-like macros

Variadic macro extensions

The #undef directive

The ## operator

File inclusion directives

The #include directive

Using the #include Directive when Compiling Source in a Data Management File

Using the #include Directive When Compiling Source in an Integrated File System File

The #include_next directive

Conditional compilation directives

The #if and #elif directives

The #ifdef directive

The #ifndef directive

The #else directive

The #endif directive

Message generation directives

The #error directive

The #warning directive

The #line directive

Assertion directives

The null directive (#)

Pragma directives

The _Pragma preprocessing operator

Appendix A. The ILE C language extensions

C99 features as extensions to C89

Extensions for GNU C compatibility

Extensions for decimal floating-point support

Appendix B. The ILE C++ language extensions

General IBM extensions

Extensions for C99 compatibility

Extensions for GNU C compatibility

Extensions for GNU C++ compatibility

Extensions for decimal floating-point support

Programming Interface Information

Trademarks and Service Marks

Industry Standards

[ Top of Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Contents | Index ]